دانلود Gender openness in managerial education: a sport management focus با فرمت pdf ودر 16 صفحه
Mark E. Moore Department of Exercise and Sport Science, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
Abstract
Purpose – The purpose of this research paper is to examine the effect of gender openness on female
student representation within sport management preparation programs.
Design/methodology/approach – A questionnaire was sent to 172 undergraduate and graduate
sport management preparation programs within North America and 72 completed surveys were
returned. These data were used to test confirmatory factor and structural equation models at
the undergraduate (n ¼ 47) and graduate levels (n ¼ 47).
Findings – Results show that gender openness progresses sequentially and is an effect of
programmatic size.
Research limitations/implications – The primary limitation of this research investigation was
the utilization of a cross-sectional design given the topic sensitivity. Despite its cross-sectional focus,
the study offers important insight about gender openness and inclusion for female students within
sport management education.
Originality/value – This study utilized a non-standard approach by examining programs relative to
gender openness in sequence as they relate to women in management education. This refreshed
approach should be valued by scholars and practitioners alike.
Keywords Gender, Women, Students, Sports, United States of America
Paper type Research paper
Within sport organizations, there is an increasing need for effective management of
diversity to maintain their competitive edge in this initial segment of the twenty-first
century. Cox and Blake (1991) claim that diversity, when managed properly in the
workforce, can provide numerous benefits to organizations, including improvements in
resource allocation, marketing, problem solving and employee cooperation and
interaction. Despite the positives that can occur from its presence, diversity has been
shown to be lacking within the leadership structure of contemporary organizations,
especially with respect to the representation of women.
Duehr and Bono (2006) stated that the mobility of women into managerial positions
is still slow. This is particularly true within the sport industry. Acosta and Carpenter
(2006) revealed that only 18.6 percent of female athletic programs at National Collegiate
Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I member institutions within the USA were
headed by women. In comparison, the authors stated that women directed 90 percent of
female sport programs at NCAA Division I member institutions in 1972, at the time of
the enactment of the Title IX provision to the Educational Amendment to the Civil
Right Act of 1964 for the purpose of prohibiting gender related discrimination
within the USA.
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