جزوه Linguistics بافرمت pdf ودر ۲۱۶ صفحه
=Linguistics
Chapter ١
The properties of Language and the study of language sounds.
▲The properties of language ....
●Unique properties .
●Displacement
●Arbitrariness ..
●Productivity
●Cultural transmission .
●Discreteness ....
●Duality
●Other properties ..
▲The sounds of language ..
●Phonetics
○Articulation: voiced and voiceless
○Place of articulation ..
○Manner of articulation
○Diphthongs .
▲Sound pattern ..
●Phonology ..
○Phonemes .
○Phones and allophones
○Minimal pairs and sets
●Phonotactics .
○Syllables and clusters .
○Assimilation ..
▲Questions .
▲Answer key
Chapter ٢ .
Words and word-formation processes
▲Word-formation processes .
●Coinage ..
●Borrowing ..
●Compounding .
●Blending
●Clipping ....
●Backformation .
●Conversion
●Acronyms ...
●Derivation
●Prefixes and suffixes .
●Infixes
●Multiple processes..
▲Questions
▲Answer Key
Chapter ٣.
Morphology ...
▲Morphology .
●Morphemes .........
○Free and bound morphemes .
○Free morphemes
○Bound morphemes...
●Morphs and allomorphs ..
▲Questions
▲Answer Key .
Chapter ٤..
Grammar and Syntax
▲Grammar ..
●Types of grammar..
●Traditional grammar
●The prescriptive approach ..
○Structural analysis ..
○Immediate constituent analysis
▲Syntax..
●Generative grammar ..
○Deep and surface structure .
○Different approaches .
○Phrase structure rules
○Transformational rules .
▲Questions
▲Answer Key .
Chapter ٥ ..
Semantics .
▲Semantic...
●Conceptual versus associative meaning
●Semantic features ...
●Semantic roles .
●Agent, theme, instrument ......
●Experiencer, location, source, goal
●Lexical relations .
○Synonymy
○Antonym ..
○Hyponymy
○Prototypes .
○Homophony, homonymy and polysemy
○Metonymy .
○Collocation .
▲Questions ..
▲Answer Key
Chapter ٦ .....
Pragmatics, Discourse Analysis And ..
Language varieties
▲Pragmatic
●Invisible meaning ..
●Context .
●Deixis ...
●Reference
●Presupposition ..
●Speech acts
●Politeness ....
▲Discourse Analysis .
●Cohesion ...
●Coherence .............
●Speech events
●Conversational interaction ..
●The co-operative principle
●Background knowledge
▲Language varieties
●The Standard Language
●Accent and dialect
●Regional dialects
● Isoglosses dialect boundaries .
●The dialect continuum
●Bilingualism .
●Language planning .
●Pidgins and Creoles ..
●The Post-Creole continuum
▲Questions ...
▲Answer key
Chapter ٧.....
Language, society and culture
Development of writing
▲Language, society and culture
●Sociolinguistics
●Social dialects
●Social class and education
●Age and gender
●Ethnic background.....
●Idiolect .
●Style, register and jargon
●Language and culture
●Linguistic determinism
●The Sapir-Wharf hypothesis
●Language universals
▲Development of writing
●Pictograms and ideograms ....
●Logograms .
●Alphabetic writing .
●Written English
▲Questions .
▲Answers
▲ M.A linguistics tests
▲Answer Key
▲ M.A linguistics test (١٣٨٥ )
▲Answer Key ..
▲ M.A linguistics test (١٣٨٦)
▲Answer Key ....
▲References .
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